15 Reasons To Not Overlook Evolution Site
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The Academy's Evolution Site
Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in science to understand evolution theory and how it can be applied in all areas of scientific research.
This site provides a wide range of sources for teachers, students, and general readers on evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is used in many spiritual traditions and cultures as symbolizing unity and love. It also has important practical uses, like providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they react to changes in the environment.
Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on categorizing species into distinct categories that were distinguished by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, based on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or on short fragments of their DNA, significantly expanded the diversity that could be represented in the tree of life2. These trees are largely composed by eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4.
Genetic techniques have significantly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. In particular, molecular methods allow us to construct trees using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.
Despite the massive growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still awaits discovery. This is especially true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and are typically present in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a large number of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that have not yet been isolated or whose diversity has not been well understood6.
This expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific region and determine if particular habitats require special protection. This information can be used in a range of ways, from identifying new treatments to fight disease to enhancing crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While funds to protect biodiversity are important, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing countries with the information they require to act locally and support conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) shows the relationships between organisms. Scientists can construct a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolution of taxonomic groups based on molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding genetics, biodiversity and evolution.
A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) identifies the relationships between organisms with similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits can be either homologous or analogous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary journey. Analogous traits could appear similar however they do not share the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping called a clade. All members of a clade share a characteristic, like amniotic egg production. They all came from an ancestor that had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is constructed by connecting clades to determine the organisms who are the closest to one another.
For a more precise and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism. Molecular data allows researchers to determine the number of species who share an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age.
The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a number of factors that include the phenomenon of phenotypicplasticity. This is a type of behaviour that can change due to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a particular trait to appear more like a species another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. This issue can be cured by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates a combination of analogous and homologous features in the tree.
Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and rate at which speciation occurs. This information can help conservation biologists decide which species they should protect from the threat of extinction. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.
Evolutionary Theory
The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time based on their interactions with their surroundings. Many theories of evolution have been developed by a variety of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly according to its needs as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived modern hierarchical taxonomy, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or non-use of traits cause changes that could be passed onto offspring.
In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from a variety of fields--including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory that explains how evolution is triggered by the variations of genes within a population and how those variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which is known as genetic drift mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is a cornerstone of current evolutionary biology, and can be mathematically described.
Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated that variations can be introduced into a species by mutation, genetic drift and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, as well as through the movement of populations. These processes, along with other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time) can result in evolution which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, and the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype in an individual).
Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny by using evolutionary thinking in all aspects of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example revealed that teaching students about the evidence supporting evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college biology course. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, please look up The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past--analyzing fossils and 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 comparing species. They also observe living organisms. Evolution is not a past moment; it is a process that continues today. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics, viruses evolve and elude new medications and animals change their behavior to a changing planet. The changes that occur are often apparent.
But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be seen in action, as well. The key is the fact that different traits can confer an individual rate of survival as well as reproduction, and may be passed on from one generation to the next.
In the past, 에볼루션 카지노코리아 (Source Webpage) if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - was found in a group of organisms that interbred, it might become more prevalent than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to track evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. Coli that descended from a single strain; samples of each are taken on a regular basis and over fifty thousand generations have been observed.
Lenski's work has demonstrated that mutations can drastically alter the speed at which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, which is difficult for 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 some to accept.
Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes for pesticide resistance are more common in populations that have used insecticides. This is because pesticides cause a selective pressure which favors those with resistant genotypes.
The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater appreciation of its importance, especially in a world shaped largely by human activity. This includes climate change, pollution, and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make better decisions about the future of our planet and the life of its inhabitants.
Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in science to understand evolution theory and how it can be applied in all areas of scientific research.
This site provides a wide range of sources for teachers, students, and general readers on evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is used in many spiritual traditions and cultures as symbolizing unity and love. It also has important practical uses, like providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they react to changes in the environment.
Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on categorizing species into distinct categories that were distinguished by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, based on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or on short fragments of their DNA, significantly expanded the diversity that could be represented in the tree of life2. These trees are largely composed by eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4.
Genetic techniques have significantly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. In particular, molecular methods allow us to construct trees using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.
Despite the massive growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still awaits discovery. This is especially true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and are typically present in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a large number of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that have not yet been isolated or whose diversity has not been well understood6.
This expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific region and determine if particular habitats require special protection. This information can be used in a range of ways, from identifying new treatments to fight disease to enhancing crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While funds to protect biodiversity are important, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing countries with the information they require to act locally and support conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) shows the relationships between organisms. Scientists can construct a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolution of taxonomic groups based on molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding genetics, biodiversity and evolution.
A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) identifies the relationships between organisms with similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits can be either homologous or analogous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary journey. Analogous traits could appear similar however they do not share the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping called a clade. All members of a clade share a characteristic, like amniotic egg production. They all came from an ancestor that had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is constructed by connecting clades to determine the organisms who are the closest to one another.
For a more precise and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism. Molecular data allows researchers to determine the number of species who share an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age.
The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a number of factors that include the phenomenon of phenotypicplasticity. This is a type of behaviour that can change due to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a particular trait to appear more like a species another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. This issue can be cured by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates a combination of analogous and homologous features in the tree.
Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and rate at which speciation occurs. This information can help conservation biologists decide which species they should protect from the threat of extinction. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.
Evolutionary Theory
The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time based on their interactions with their surroundings. Many theories of evolution have been developed by a variety of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly according to its needs as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived modern hierarchical taxonomy, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or non-use of traits cause changes that could be passed onto offspring.
In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from a variety of fields--including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory that explains how evolution is triggered by the variations of genes within a population and how those variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which is known as genetic drift mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is a cornerstone of current evolutionary biology, and can be mathematically described.
Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated that variations can be introduced into a species by mutation, genetic drift and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, as well as through the movement of populations. These processes, along with other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time) can result in evolution which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, and the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype in an individual).
Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny by using evolutionary thinking in all aspects of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example revealed that teaching students about the evidence supporting evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college biology course. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, please look up The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past--analyzing fossils and 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 comparing species. They also observe living organisms. Evolution is not a past moment; it is a process that continues today. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics, viruses evolve and elude new medications and animals change their behavior to a changing planet. The changes that occur are often apparent.
But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be seen in action, as well. The key is the fact that different traits can confer an individual rate of survival as well as reproduction, and may be passed on from one generation to the next.
In the past, 에볼루션 카지노코리아 (Source Webpage) if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - was found in a group of organisms that interbred, it might become more prevalent than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to track evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. Coli that descended from a single strain; samples of each are taken on a regular basis and over fifty thousand generations have been observed.
Lenski's work has demonstrated that mutations can drastically alter the speed at which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, which is difficult for 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 some to accept.
Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes for pesticide resistance are more common in populations that have used insecticides. This is because pesticides cause a selective pressure which favors those with resistant genotypes.
The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater appreciation of its importance, especially in a world shaped largely by human activity. This includes climate change, pollution, and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make better decisions about the future of our planet and the life of its inhabitants.
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